Extras or Sundries are runs that are not credited to the batsman's personal score. They are credited to the team's score. A run is credited to a batsman only if he hits the ball with his bat or glove.
Umpires declare if the ball is an extra or not. Extras consist of: Byes, Leg-byes, Wides and No-Balls. No-Balls & Wides are the "foul" balls of Cricket.
Wides
If the ball passes the batsmen at a considerable distance, (usually more than a bat's length), such that it is difficult for the batsman to reach it, then it is called a WIDE. The bowler has to bowl an additional ball, and the opposing team gets 1 run.
If the bowler bowls the ball in such a manner, that the ball bounces above the batsman's head, and the batsman does not duck under the ball, it is a wide.
No Balls
If a No-Ball is declared, then the ball has to be re-bowled, and the opposition total gets a free run. If the batsman hits the ball for runs (e.g. a 4 or 6), those runs are additionally credited to the batsman.
The bowler has a rectangular patch of ground enclosed by the bowling crease and popping creases. If his foot is out of this area while releasing the ball, then the umpire calls it a no-ball.
A Bouncer is a ball that bounces above the batsman's shoulder, and below the batsman's head. In an over, a bowler can bowl only ONE bouncer. If he bowls another one, it is a No-ball.
Leg-Byes
If the batsman hits the ball with any part of his body other than his bat or glove, and the batsmen get runs, the Umpire calls it a leg-bye. Runs are credited to the team and not to the batsmen.
Byes
If the batsman misses the ball completely (but ATTEMPTED to hit the ball) and goes for runs, it is called a Bye. (Rules are same as Leg-bye.) Byes can also be picked up due to a wide which is misfielded by the wicket-keeper.
Dead Balls
A dead has no outcome in the game and is not counted in any way by the scorers. Dead balls are NOT counted as Extras. No runs or wickets can be credited to any team after a dead ball is declared. A dead ball is a ball bowled if:
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Ball is bowled without the batsman, ready to face the ball.
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The ball slips out of the bowler's hand.
In the following cases, an umpire may declare the ball dead after:
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Ball has crossed the boundary for a 4 or a 6.
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The batsman scampers for a run after he is legally declared out.
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Ball where the batsman doesn't attempt to hit the ball - he keeps his bat up in the air, but runs for a bye.